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١٦ شعبان ۱۴۳۱هجرى قمرى
30th
JUN
Persian philosophs and sciences
Posted by admin under Root
It’s sure that they were Muslim but no Arab.
| 770-840 A.D. | Mohanmmad Khwarizmi | |
| 864-930 A.D. | Mohammad ibn Zakariya AL-RAZI | |
| 870-950 A.D. | Farabi | |
| 900-971 A.D. born in Khorasan | Mohammad ibn al-Hasan Khazin | |
| 940-997 A.D. born in Nishapur | Abul Wafa Mohammad AL-BUZJANI | |
| 940-1020 A.D. born in Tus | Ferdosi Faren til den modern Persisk | |
| 953-1029 A.D. born in Afschana | Al-Karaji IBN SINA | |
| 1048-1131 A.D. born in Nishapur | Omar Khayyam | |
| 1058-1128 A.D. born in Khorasan 1099- 1177 A.D |
Hamid Ghazali A.Saiid-e-A.Kheyr |
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| 1201-1274 A.D. born in Tus | Nasir al-Din Tusi | |
| 1207 A.D. born in Balkh, Persia | Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi | |
| 1194 A.D. born in Shiraz | Sa’di | |
| 1320-1389 A.D. born in Shiraz | Shams-od-Din Mohammad Hafez | |
| 1380-1429 A.D. in Kashan, Iran | Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas’ud al-Kashi | |
| … Abu Bekr ibn Mohammad ibn al-Husayn | ||
Iranians have always been interested in philosophic matters.
In the pre-Islamic period, philosophy was closely linked to theology, as indeed it also was in the early Islamic period.
Gradually, however, phi!osophy developed into a separate science, and most of the great Muslim philosophers were Iranians, although since they wrote mainly in Arabic, the universal language of Islam, they are often known in the West as Arab philosophers.
Iran adopted the Indian decimal system and numerals, transmitting them to the West as the “Arabic” numerals used today. Omar Khayyam wrote the most important medieval treatise on algebra, and systematized a very accurate calendar, which is the basis of the official Iranian calendar today.
Alchemy, the forerunner of chemistry, was widely studied, and Iranian alchemists discovered many important substances, including alcohol, and developed some of the apparatus used by modern chemists.
The philosophic tradition was kept alive by Sadr-od-Din Shirazi, who in Safavid times synthesized the various threads of Islamic philosophy into a comprehensive new system, and Sabzevan, a nineteenth-century philosopher who continued and revived the tradition.
Although scientific activity declined after the fifteenth century, the present century has seen a revival. Iranian scientists, at home and abroad, they are again making valuable contributions to mankind’s store of knowledge.
Muhammad Khwarizmi (770-840 A.D. born at Khwarizm, a town south of river Oxus in present Uzbekistan.)
(Uzbekistan, a city in Persia which was taken over by the Russians in 1873.)
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was an Iranian mathematician, founder of Algebra.
He is best known for introducing the mathematical concept Algorithm, which is so named after his last name.
Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn Zakariya al-Razi auch Ar-Razi, Rhazes (865-925 A.D.)
He born in in Raj, bei Teheran (Iran)
Razi was an Iranian alchemist and a philosopher
Farabi (870-950 A.D. born in a small village Wasij, near Farab in Turkistan)
Abu Nasr Mohammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi along with Ibn Sina added much to what the Greeks taught in the theory of Music
His parents were originally of Persian descent. Known as al-Phrarabius in Europe, Farabi was the son of a general. He completed his earlier education at Farab and Bukhara but, later on, he went to Baghdad for higher studies, where he studied and worked for a long time viz., from 901 A.D. to 942 A.D. During this period he acquired mastery over several languages as well as various branches of knowledge and technology. He lived through the reign of six Abbasid Caliphs. As a philosopher and scientist, he acquired great proficiency in various branches of learning and is reported to have been an expert in different languages.
Farabi travelled to many distant lands and studied for some time in Damascus and Egypt, but repeatedly came back to Baghdad, until he visited Saif al-Daula’s court in Halab (Allepo). He became one of the constant companions of the King, and it was here at Halab that his fame spread far and wide. During his early years he was aQadi (Judge), but later on the took up teaching as his profession. During the course of his career, he had suffered great hardships and at one time was the caretaker of a garden. He died a bachelor in Damascus in 339 A.H./950 A.D. at the age of 80 years.
Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Khazin (900-971 A.D. born in Khorasan)
Abu Jafar al-Khazin may have worked on both astronomy and number theory or there may have been two mathematicians both working around the same period, one working on astronomy and one on number theory.
As far as this article is concerned we will assume that al-Khazin worked on both topics. There seems no way of being certian which position is correct.
Abul Wafa Muhammad AL-BUZJANI (940-997 A.D. born in Nishapur, Persia)
He flourished as a great mathematician and astronomer.
Abul Wafa’s main contribution lies in several branches of mathematics, especially geometry and trigonometry.
Ferdosi Faren til den modern Persisk ( 940-1020 A.D. born in Toos ) 329-416 A.H..>
Ferdosi was one of the greatest poets of Persian language. He gave a new life to Irans poetry.
His work is ShahNameh.
ShahNameh includes historical, heroic and fictional stories. Some of his other works like lyric,
fragment, quatrain and elegy are available.
IBN SINA (980-1037 A.D.)
He born in Afschana (bei Buchara; Usbekistan) and died in 1037 in Hamadan (Persien)
He was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer of his time.
His major contribution to medical science was his famous book al-Qanun, known as the “Canon” in the West.
The Qanun fi al-Tibb is an immense encyclo- paedia of medicine extending over a million words
Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi (born in 1207 Balkh, Persia)
The name Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi stands for Love and ecstatic flight into the infinite.
Mevlana is one of the great spiritual masters and poetical geniuses of mankind and was the founder of the Mevlevi Sufi order.
Escaping the Mongol invasion, Rumi and his family travelled extensively in the Muslim lands, performed the pilgrimage to Mecca and finally settled in Konya, Anatolia (Turkey), where he succeeded his father in 1231 as professor in religious sciences.
He was introduced into the mystical path by a wandering dervish, Shamsuddin of Tabriz. His love and his bereavement for the death of Shams found their expression in a surge of music, dance and lyric poems, `Divani Samsi Tabrizzi’. Rumi is the author of a huge didactic work, The `Mathnawi’, and discourses, `Fihi ma Fihi’, written to introduce his disciples to metaphysics. If there is `Fihi ma Fihi’, written to introduce his disciples to metaphysics. If there is any general idea underlying Rumi’s poetry, it is the absolute love of God. His influence on thought, literature and all forms of aesthetic expression in the world of Islam cannot be overrated.
Omar Khayyam (1048-1131 A.D. in Nishapur, Persia)
Omar Khayyam’s full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu’l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami.
Khayyam was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer and, despite the difficulties which he described in this quote, he did write several works includingProblems of Arithmetic, a book on music and one on algebra before he was 25 years old.
In 1070 he moved to Samarkand in Uzbekistan which is one of the oldest cities of Central Asia. There Khayyam was supported by Abu Tahir, a prominent jurist of Samarkand, and this allowed him to write his most famous algebra work,Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra from which we gave the quote above. We shall describe the mathematical contents of this work later in this biography.
Norooz in History of Iran
The first person who re-organized the calendar successfully was Omar Khayyam, the mathematician and astronomer of 5th century HG (11-12th A.D.). He drew a chart for the year and put the start of the year at the moment of Aries entrance to the house of Sun. He made a calendar of 6 months with 31 days, and 6 months with 30 days making a year of 365 days, and suggested the addition of 1 day every four years and also addition of a months every 13,000 years. This is the most complete calendar ever made. Khayyam called it ‘the Jalali Calendar’ because of ‘Jalal’ al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi, his patron king.
This calendar called the ‘Khorshidi’(Sun based) calendar, as oppose to the Arabic ‘Ghamari’ (moon based) calendar.
Although Khayyam was Iranian and he created this calendar based on the pre-Islamic calendar of Zoroastrians, it was not used widely in Iran until the 1925 AD(1304 HS) when Reza Shah Pahlavi ordered it to be used instead of ‘Ghamari’ calendar. In the process of finding names for the months, there are some interesting mistakes happened which are note-worthy.
Norooz, in word, means a new day. It is a new day that starts the year, traditionally in the exact astronomical beginning of the Spring, but it was not always like this!
Abu-Saiid-e-Abul-Kheyr (fl. 11th century) was an Iranian Gnostic.
He was born in Meehneh-a village in the old Khorasan. His father was a pharmacist who was a firm believer in the tenets of sufi mysticism. Abu-Saiid came to know sufi mysticism through the gatherings of sophists to which his father frequented. He was taught theology and literature in his hometown, as well as in the towns of Marve and Sarakhs. He then began practicing asceticism-the cleansing of the soul through self-denial, under the guidance of some great masters and teachers. This metamorphosed him into a complete Gnostic. Thereafter, aside from a short period of preaching in Neyshaboor,he spentmost of his life in his hometown of Meehneh.
Hamid Ghazali (1058- 1128 A.D. born in Khorasan, Iran)
Abu Hamid Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Tusi al-Shafi’i al-Ghazali an Iranian Philosopher.
His father died while he was still very young but he had the opportunity of getting education in the prevalent curriculum at Nishapur and Baghdad. Soon he acquired a high standard of scholarship in religion and philosophy and was honoured by his appointment as a Professor at the Nizamiyah University of Baghdad, which was recognised as one of the most reputed institutions of learning in the golden era of Muslim history.
Abu-Rayhaan-e-Birooni (1099-1177 A.D)
Birooni was an Iranian mathematician, astronomer, historian, and geographer
Shaikh Sadi Shirazi (1194 born in Shiraz)
originally named Muslih-uddin..He remained there for about 30 years, establishing his fame as a great Persian poet and popular writer. He took the name Sadi in honor of his patron Sad b. Zengi. Between 1226 and 1256 he traveled widely, visiting Europe, Ethiopia, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Turkey, Arabia, Iran, and beyond the Indus to Hindustan. In a prose work called The Gulistan (or The Rose Garden) he provided prose stories that touch on practical wisdom and moral questions in an easy and entertaining style.
Shams-od-Din Muhammad Hafez (1320-1397 A.D.)
A Classic Poet from Shiraz Hafez created the best literary and Gnostic concepts in the form of eloquent and pithy lyrics. His concepts surpassed those of other contemporary philosophers, thinkers and scholars.
Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas’ud al-Kashi (about 1380-1429 A.D.in Kashan, Iran)
Kashi was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer
Details of Jamshid al-Kashi’s life and works are better known than many others from this period although details of his life are sketchy.
One of the reasons we is that he dated many of his works with the exact date on which they were completed, another reason is that a number of letters which he wrote to his father have survived and give fascinating information.
Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji (953 – 1029)
Karaji was an Iranian Mathematician
It appears both as al-Karaji and as al-Karkhi but this is not a simple matter of two different transliterations of the same Arabic name.
The significance is that Karaj is a city in Iran and if the mathematician’s name is al-Karaji then certainly his family were from that city. On the other hand Karkh is one of the original suburbs of Baghdad which grew up outside the southern gate of the original city. The name al-Karkhi would indicate that the mathematician came from the suburb of Baghdad.
Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274 A.D. was born in Tus, Khorasan and died in Baghdad)
He was an astronomer who worked at the Il-Khanid Observatory situated in Persia. In his astronomical studies, Al-Tusi was able to obtain an accurate value for the solar procession. In addition to his work on the solar procession, Al-Tusi attempted to come up with an alternative to Ptolemy’s system of epicycles.
30th
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19th
MAY
Highlights of Iran’s history
Posted by admin under Root
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| Medes Vor-Achämenidisches Persien (von 7,000 v. Chr.) | |
| 4,000-2,000 | Bronze Age settlements of Tappeh Sialk, Susa, Tappeh Gyian, Tappeh Hasanlu, and Teppeh Hessar. |
| 2750 | (Babylon) Namensgebung für die wichtigsten Sternbilder des nördlichen Himmels. |
| 1,200 | Zenith of Elamite Kingdom. Iron Age. Settlement of Chogha Zanbil in Khuzestan. |
| 844 | First mention of Iranians in Assyrian texts. |
| 728-675 | Deioces grosste Medisches Reich. |
| 722 | Founding of Hagmatana (modern Hamadan). |
| Achämenidisches Persien (700-330 v. Chr.) | |||
| 700-675 | Achamenes. | ||
| 675-640 | Teispes. | ||
| 648 | Assyrer zerstören elamitisches Susa. | ||
| 640-600 | Cyrus I.(kourosh, kouros) | ||
| 630-533 | Zoroaster und Gründung der Zoroastrier. | ||
| 612-606 | Meder und Babylonier stürzen das Assyrische Reich. Zerstöung von Nineveh. |
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| 600-599 | Cambyses I. (Kambiz) | ||
| 599-530 | Cyrus II, (kourosh, kouros the Great) der Grosse. Start of Achämenid Empire he established a large empire stretching from the Mediterranean in the west to eastern Iran, and from the Black Sea in the north to Arabia. He was killed in 530 BC during a campaign in the north-eastern part of his empire |
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| 530-522 | Cambyses II. | ||
| 525522-486 | Cambyses erobert Ägypten.Darius I, der Grosse. Steinrelief am Berg Bisotun. Wiedererstehen von Susa. Persepolis. Darius erweitert das Reich vom Indus bis zum Nil und Donau. Grabkammer von Darius bei Naqsh-e Rustam. Darius I, the Great. Rock relief at Mount Bisotun. Revival of Susa. Persepolis. Darius broadens the Empire from the Indus to the Nile and Danube. Tomb of Darius at Naqsh-e Rustam. |
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486-464 464-425 420-404
336-330 |
Xerxes I Artaxerxes I. Darius II. Artaxerxes II Aristoteles (384-322 v.Chr.) Darius III. |
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| 302 – 309 | Hormazd II | ||
| Seleucids (Arsacids) and Parthian’s Empire(312 v.Chr. – 224 n. Chr.) | |||
| 312-281 281-261 261-246 246-225 225-223 223-186 187-175 175-163 |
Antiochos I Soter. Antiochos II Theos. Seleucid II Khallinikos. Antiochos Hierax Seleucus Soter. Antiochos III Megas. Seleucus IV Philopator. Antiochus IV Epiphanes. |
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| 163-162 161-138 138-124 |
Antiochos V Eupator. Mithridates I gründet das Parther-Reich. Phrates II. |
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| 124-123 | Artabanus II. | ||
| 123-87 | Mithridates II. Höhepukt des Parther-Reiches. | ||
| 87 v.-224 n. | Untergang des Parther-Reiches und Aufstieg von Rom.
Julius Cäsar 100 v. Chr. + 44 v. Chr |
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| Sassanians (224-651) |  |
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| 224-240 | Artaxerxes I (Ardashir I Son of Papak) Artaxerxes I over throws the Parthians and founds the Sassaniian Empire , his capital Ctesiphon. |
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| 240-270 | Shapur I (Son of Ardashir I) Er dringt in das Römische Reich ein (252-261), und nimmt Kaiser Valerian gefangen (260). Shapur I invades Roman Empire(252-261), capturing the Emperor Valerian in 260. |
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| 270-271 | Hormuzd I (Son of Shapur I) | ||
| 271-274 274-293 |
Bahram I.(Varhran I ) Son of ShapurI Bahram II.(Varhran II ) Son of Shapur I |
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| 283 | The Emperor Garus takes Cteisphon, cedes Armenia and north Mesopotamia to Rome. | ||
| 293 | Bahram III (Son of Bahram II) | ||
| 293 – 302 | Narseh (Son of Shapur I) | ||
| 302-309 | Hormuzd II. Son of Shapur I. |  |
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| 309-379 | Shapur II. | ||
| 363 | Shapur III defeats Julian the Apostate in battle, regaining Armenia and north Mesopotamia. | ||
| 379 | Friedensvertrag mit Rom. | ||
| 379-383 | Artaxerxes II. ( Ardashir II) (Brother, son or nephew of Shapur II) |
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| 383-388 | Shapur III. (Son of Shapur II) | ||
| 388-399 399-420 420-438 |
Bahram IV.(Son of Shapur III) Yazdegerd I. (Son of Varhran IV) Bahram V (Son of Yazdgard I) |
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| 438-457 | Yazdegerd II. (Son of Bahram V) | ||
| 410 425 457-459 |
Alaric erobert Rome. Weiße Hunnen Überfallen Khorasan. Hormuzd III. |
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| 459-484 484-488 488-497 |
Firuz. (Peroz) Son of Yazdgard II Balash. (Valkash) Brother of Peroz I Kavadh |
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| 496 – 498 | Zamasp Son of Peroz I |  |
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| 498 – 531 531-579 570 |
Kavad I Khosrow I ( Khusro I) Geburt des Propheten Mohammed. Yemen unter persischer Kontrolle. |
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| 579-590 | Hormuzd IV. Son of Khusro I. | ||
| 590 – 591 591 – 597 590 -628 |
Varhran VI Vistahm Brother-in-law of Hormazd IV Khosrow II. Son of Khusro I |
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| 628 | Kavad Shirö, a son of Khosrow II, was proclaimed king as Kavad II on the death of his father in the spring of 628 AD. | ||
| 628-629 629-631 631-632 632 |
Ardashir III Son of Kavad II Khusro III Nephew of Khusro II Hormazd V Grandson of Khusro II Tod des Propheten Mohammed. |
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| 629-631 | Khusro III Nephew of Khusro II | ||
| 632-651 | Yazdegerd III, Grandson of Khusro II. der letzte Sassanidische Herrscher. Yazdegerd III, the last Sassaniian Monarch. |
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| 641 | Die Araber besiegen Perser bei Nahavand. Persien ist formal dem Arabischen Imperium einverleibt. The Arabs defeat the Iranians at Nahavand. Iran is Formally annexed to the Arab empire. |
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| 651 | Tod von Yazdegerd III, dessen Familie und Anhänger nach China geflohen sind. Death of Yazdegerd III, whose family and followers flee to China. |
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| Arabs Frühislamische Zeit (661-750) Ummayadisches Kalifat (Arabs – Umayyad Caliphate), riegiert von Damaskus |
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| 634-644 | Umar | ||
| 661 | Mordanschlag auf Imam Ali, von Kharijia Fanatikern, bei Kufa. | ||
| 650 – 656 | Uthman (Osman) | ||
| 656 – 661 661 – 680 |
Ali Mu’awiya I |
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| 680 – 683 | Yazid I son of Mu’awiya I |  |
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| 683 – 684 684 – 685 685 – 705 705 – 715 715 – 717 717 – 720 720 – 724 724 – 743 743 – 744 |
Mu’awiya II Marwan I Abd-al-Malik Al-Walid I Suleyman Umar II Yazid II Hisham Al-Walid II |
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| 744 | Yazid III, Ibrahim | ||
| 744 – 750 | Marwan II | ||
| Arabs – Abbasid Caliphate(750 – 821 | |||
| 750 – 754 | Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah. | ||
| 754 – 775 | Al-Mansur, regiert von Baghdad aus. | ||
| 775 – 785 | Al-Mahdi | ||
| 785 – 786 | Al-Hadi | ||
| 786 – 809 | Harun al-Rashid | ||
| 809 – 813 | Al-Amin | ||
| 813 – 833 | Al-Mamun | ||
| Iranian intermezzo (821 – 1055)
Samanid (Turkestan) |
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| 864 – 892 | Nasr I | ||
| 892 – 907 | Ismail | ||
| 907 – 914 | Ahmad | ||
| 914 – 942 | Nasr II | ||
| 942 – 954 | Nuh I | ||
| 954 – 961 | Abd al-Malik I | ||
| 961 – 976 | Mansur I | ||
| 976 – 997 | Nuh II | ||
| 997 – 999 | Mansur II | ||
| 999 | Abd al-Malik | ||
| Ghaznavid (Khurasan) Ghaznavidische Dynasty steigt im Osten auf, fordern die Samaniden heraus. Ghaznavi dynasty rises in the east, challenging the Samanids. 962-1040 Aufstieg der Buvayhiden nahe Shiraz, regieren Kerman, Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Rey, Hamadan, und Baghdad (in verschiedenen Zweigen). |
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| 861-872 | Tahiridische Dynasty in Khorasan. | ||
| 977 – 997 997 – 998 998 – 1030 1030 1030 – 1040 1040 – 1041 1041 – 1048 1048 1048 – 1049 1049 – 1051 1051 – 1052 1052 – 1059 1059 – 1099 1099 – 1115 1115 – 1116 1116 – 1117 1117 – 1157 1157 – 1160 1160 – 1186 |
Ismail I Mahmud Muhammad Masoud I Muhammad (restored) Maudud Masoud II Ali Abd al-Rashid Toghril Farokhzad Ibrahim Masoud III Shirzad Arslanshah Bahramshah Ghurid Empire Shansabani Dynasty (Afghanistan) 1117-1215 Khusrowshah Khosrow Malik |
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| Ferdowsi, Dichter und Verfasser des Shahnameh. (ca. 950-1020) Ferdowsi, poet of the Shahnameh. The Shahnameh or The Epic of Kings is one of the definite classics of the world. It tells hero tales of ancient Persia.An important feature of this work is that during the period that Arabic language was known as the main language of science and literature, Ferdowsi used only Persian in his masterpiece. As Ferdowsi himself says “Persian language is revived by this work”. |
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| Avicenna (Ibn Sina ), Philosoph und Arzt.(980-1036) Avicenna, philosopher and physician. Ibn Sina was born in 980 C.E. in the village of Afshana near Bukhara which today is located in the far south of Russia. |
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| Seljuken und Mongolen (1037-1335) | |||
| 1038- 1063 | Seljukische Türken üerfallen Persien unter Tughril Beg. Seljuk Turks invade Iran under Tughril Beg. |
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| 1055 | Tughril beendet Buvahidische Herrschaft. Tughril ends Buvahid rule. |
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| 1063-1072 | Alp Arsalan. | ||
| 1072-1092 | Malik Shah. Höhepunkt der Seljukischen Macht. | ||
| 1090-1257 | Ismailii Gesellschaft der Assassiner unter den ‘Herrscher des Berges’ terrorisieren den Norden Persiens vom Tal Alamut aus. Ismailii Society of Assassins under the Master of Mountains terrorize northern Iran from the Valley of Alamut. |
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| 1092 – 1105 1105 |
Berk Yaruq Malik Shah II |
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| 1105 – 1118 | Muhammad I | ||
| 1118-1157 | Sanjar. Ende der Seljukischen Herrschaft in Persien. | ||
| 1136-1320 | Attar, mystischer Poet aus Mantiq at-Tair. | ||
| 1140-c1202 | Nizami, Poet der Makhzan al-Asrar. | ||
| ca. 1184-1291 | Sa’di, Poet der Bustan and Gulistan. | ||
| 1207-1273 | Rumi, Poet der Masnavi, und Grossder der Molevi Regeln der Tanzenden Derwische. | ||
| 1219-1227 | Dschingis Khan erobert Persien. | ||
| 1256-1265 | Hulagu Khan. | ||
| 1258 | Mongolen plündern Baghdad. Ende des Abbasidischen Kalifats. | ||
| 1260 | Mongols erobern Aleppo, Hama, Damaskus. Mongols capture Aleppo, Hama, Damascus. |
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| 1265-1284 | Abaqa. | ||
| 1284-1291 | Arghun. | ||
| 1291-1295 | Gaikhatu. | ||
| 1295 | Baidu. | ||
| 1295-1304 | Ghazan, Größter der Ilkhans, tritt zum Moslemischen Glauben über. Ghazan, greatest of the Ilkhans, a Muslim convert. |
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| 1304-1316 | Olijaitu. |  |
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| 1317-1335 | Abu Sa’id. Zusammenbruch des Ilkhaniden Staates. Abu Sa’id. Collapse of the Ilkhanid State. |
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| Hafez, Dichter aus Shiraz.(1320-1389) Hafez, Shirazi poet. |
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| Timurids and Turkmen (1380-1500) |  |
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| 1380-1405 | Timur erobert Persien. Amtsenthebung der Nestorianischen Kirche. Suspension of the Nestorian Church. |
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| 1397 | Timur fällt in Indien ein. | ||
| 1405- 1408 | Tod von Timur. Amtsantritt von Shahrokh. Anarchie in Persien. Death of Timur. Accession of Shahrokh. Anarchy in Iran. Miranshah (Western Persia) |
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| 1409 – 1411 | Khalil (Western Persia) | ||
| 1409 – 1447 | Shah Rokh Shah | ||
| 1411-1492 | Jami, Dichter des Haft Awrang. Jami, poet of the Haft Awrang. |
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| 1447-1452 | Ulugh Beg. | ||
| 1452-1466 | Abu Sa’id der Timuride. | ||
| 1500 | Umsturz der Timuriden. | ||
| Safavid (1502-1736) | |||
| 1502-1524 | Ismail I. wechsel Persiens zum Shiitischen Islam. Ismail I. Conversion of Iran to Shiite Islam. |
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| 1524-1576 | Tahmasb I. Nikolaus Kopernikus (1473-1545) |
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| 1576-1577 | Ismail II. | ||
| 1577-1578 | |||
| 1587-1629 | Abbas I. Höhepunkt der Safavidischen Macht. 1598, Abbas moved the Safavid capital to Isfahan from Qazwin. Abbas I. Capital transferred to Isfahan. Zenith of Safavid power. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) |
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| 1629-1642 | Safi I. | ||
| 1642-1666 | Abbas II. | ||
| 1666-1694 | Suleiman I.
Leibniz (1646-1716) |
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| 1694-1722 | Hossein.
Newton (1643-1727) |
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| 1722 | Safavid Afghanen erobern Isfahan. Afghans capture Isfahan. |
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| 1722-1732 | Tahmasb II. | ||
| 1724 | Mahmud erobert Shiraz. Massaker an den Safavidischen Princen. Mahmud takes Shiraz. Massacre of Safavid princes. |
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| 1732-1736 | Abbas III. Sturz der Safaviden. | ||
| Das moderne Persien zum heutigen Iran (1729 – 1979) |  |
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| 1736-1747 | Afshari Nadir Shah Afshar Afsharidische Dynasty von Nader Quli begröndet. In 1738-39 Nadir invaded Mughal India. He was brilliantly successful, taking and sacking Delhi and Lahore and carrying off vast treasure, including the Koh-i-noor diamond and the Peacock Throne. |
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| 1748-1750 1747-1748 1750-1779 1779-1785 1785-1789 |
Adil. Shahrokh der Afsharide. Zand Karim Khan begründet Zand Dynasty. Karim Khan founds Zand dynasty. Ali Murad. Ampére (1775-1836) Ja’far.Lutf Ali Khan. Ohm (1789-1849) |
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| 1795-1797 | Mohammed Qajar stürzt die Zand Dynasty und begründet die Qajaren Dynasty. founder of the Qajar dynasty. He was emasculated by family enemies at the age of five. Faraday (1791-1867) |
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| 1797-1834 | Fath Ali Shah. nephew of Aga Muhammad Shah. The shah’s attempt to reconqür Georgia proved disastrous, and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828) deprived Persia of the Caucasus and color=#000080 marked a downward trend in Persian power. |
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| 1834-1848 | Mohammed Shah. Fotografie(1837) Revolution in Frankreich(1848) Maxwell (1831-1879) |
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| 1848-1896 1896-1907 |
Naser ad-Din Shah. He traveled extensively in Europe and brought back many Western ideas, some of which he applied to the reorganization of the government. Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) Film (1895) Erfindung des Automobile (1895) Muzaffar ad-Din Shah son of Nasir ad-Din. |
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| 1906 1909-1923 |
Mohammed Ali Shah. Sultan Ahmad, the last of the Qajars The last Qajar monarch was a venal and weak king Einsteins spezielle/allgemeine |
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| 1925-1941 | Reza Khan als Reza Shah Begründer der Pahlevi Dynasty. Premier Minister von Ahmad Shah. proclamation of Reza Khan as Reza Shah prime minister of Mohammed Ali Shah., founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up. Hubble 1929 Niels Bohr (Nobelpreis 1922) |
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| 1941-1979 | Mohammed Reza Shah son of Reza Shah Pahlevi.
Otto Hahn (Nobelpreis 1944) Max Planck |
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| 1979 – Persien Islamic Republic | |||
| 1979 | Religiöser Aufruhr geführt von Ayatollah Khomeini, protestiert gegen die sogenannte ‘Weiße Revolution’.
Islamic Republic under Constitution of 1979, with Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini |
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Literatur :
Zwischen Persepolis und Firuzabad
Gräber, Paläste und Felsenreliefs im alten Persien
Persische Mythen
Die alten Persischen Mythen
Geschichte von Zoroaster
29th
MAR
Take a free course online.
Posted by mof under Blog, Root
The University of California-Berkeley has been streaming videos of their courses through their site webcast.berkeley.
If your interested? There is plenty of material available here.
webcast.berkeley.edu
I found a great website with screenshots of video lecture courses. click here.
Here you will find some video tutorial courses about html, css, php programing and photoshop usw.
iTunes Languages:
- Learn French
- English As a Second Language ESL
- English For Business
- Learn German I II III IV
- Learn German Grammar
thanks
19th
MAR
Computer & Magazine
Posted by admin under Root
Datenblätter im Internet24th
FEB
Learning French
Posted by admin under Root
Apprendre le français, Französisch lernen, Learning French
Language Guide, French Grammar Learn French vocabulary through a visual interface
francais.lingo4u.de - Französische Grammatik für „Französisch als Fremdsprache“
Softissimo – La Grammaire Interactive
Bonjour de France, le magazine pour étudier le français en ligne vous propose d’améliorer vos connaissances linguistiques de manière ludique. Les textes et exercices peuvent être librement utilisés en cours de français.
Le Point du FLE,
Annuaire de sites dont l objectif est de faciliter l accès aux meilleures ressources de français langue étrangère (FLE) proposées sur Internet. TICE, grammaire interactive, exercices auto-correctifs, simulations.
Learn french in your own time and have fun with BBC Learning French – Intermediate Crosswords
23rd
NOV
LASIK-Operation
Posted by admin under Root
LASIK-Operation
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 Die Lichtstrahlen werden von der Netzhaut fokussiert. |
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Mit Mikrokeratomklinge wird ein dünne scheibchen der Hornhaut mit Dicke von 0,16 mm teilweise eingeschnitten. An dieser Stelle hat bei mir ein Dann weden mit dem Laser die tieferen Hornhautschichten modeliert. |
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Ein Bericht über meine Augen Operation am Oktober 2001 in ISFAHAN bei Doktor Razmjou. An dieser stelle bedanke ich mich beim allen Ärzte und Krankenschwesternund vor allem Herrn Doktor Rasmju. |
 Auschließend wird der Buchdeckel wieder zugeklappt. |
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| Ich habe mich am 9:00 Morgen im Krankenhause angemeldet. Erst nach 6 Stunden warten beginn meine Operation. In zwischen Zeit wird den Druck von Augen Holle und die Dicke von der Hornhaut Schicht und ein paar mal sehe stärke geprüft und wird in einer Akte festgelegt (Die Akte bleibt beim Arzt). Die Wartezeit beträgt ca. 6 Stunden wenn man glück hat. Aber keine Sorge da gibst es viel zu sehen, außerdem bekommt man Tee und Kuhchen und erzählt Ihnen der ‘Ghvechi’ ein paar Geschichten über den Doktor. Das hat mich voll beeindruckt. Das Krankenhause ist groß und liegt am Berg Ku Soffe. Ein sehr nette Gegend mit sehr schöne Landschaft) . Sie werden sicherlich noch ein paar Leute aus allen anderen Ländern kennen lernen. Ca. 14:30 Uhr begann meine Operation. Die Operation dauerte ca. 3 Minute. Da nach habe ich eine Sandwich mit Cola bekommen. (hat es viel geschmeckt. Sie sehen schon, ich habe es noch nicht vergessen) dann habe ich 2 Augentropfen und ein Borchur (in Anhang oben) bekommen. Darin steht, wie man in nächsten 2 Wochen verhalten soll. Ich hatte vor der Operation L -9 , R -8.5 Dioptrien. Jetzt sind bereits 8 Monaten von meiner Operation vergangen. Ich fahre ohne Brille und ich arbeite mit dem Computer jeden tag ca. 10 Stunden ohne Probleme. Ich bin sehr sehr zufrieden und mein Augenarzt in Dortmund war sehr überüberrascht, wie die OP. so gut gelangte. (Lassen Sie sich nicht, dass die Ärzte in DE Sie verwirren. Ich bin überzeugt im IRAN können genau so gut und mit viel mehr Erfahrung (sogar noch besser) als die DE Ärzte operieren. Ich zahlte 330,000 toman. Es kann sein, dass in zwischen die Preise ein bisschen gestiegen haben. M. Forghanian |
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9th
OCT
Java Tips
Posted by admin under Root
Convert Map to ArrayList:
Map hashmap = new HashMap () ;
hashmap.put ( “one”,new Integer (1) ) ;
hashmap.put ( “two”,null ) ;
hashmap.put ( “three”, new String (“THREE”) ) ;
aList = new ArrayList ( hashmap.values () ) ;
System.out.println ( “The size of HashMap = “+hashmap.size () ) ;
System.out.println ( “If hashmap empty = “+hashmap.isEmpty () ) ;
System.out.println ( “The value for the \”three\” key =”+hashmap.get (“three”) ) ;
hashmap.remove ( “two” ) ;
Set set= hashmap.keySet () ;
Iterator iter = set.iterator () ;
int i=1;
while ( iter.hasNext () ) {
System.out.println ( ” “+i+” ) “+hashmap.get ( iter.next () ) ) ;
i++;
}
OR:
for (Iterator iter = hashmap.keySet().iterator(); iter.hasNext();)
{
KeyType element = (KeyType) iter.next();
ValType value = (ValType)hashmap.get(element);
}
hashmap.clear () ;
Use for-each loop through Map entry set:
Map hashmap = new HashMap () ;
for ( Map.Entry pair : hashmap )
{
System.out.println ( pair.getKey () + ” :: ” + pair.getValue () ) ;
}
Use ArrayList:
ArrayList arraylist = new ArrayList () ;
arraylist.add ( “india”,”", new String(“three”),null,”new Integer (1) ” ) ;
arraylist.add ( new Float (3.5) ) ;
arraylist.add ( 1,dummy ) ;
Add array Elements to the arraylist:
String array [] = { “foo”,”",”tow”,null,”new Integer (1) ” } ;
for ( int i=0;i < array.length;i++ )
{
arraylist.add ( i,array [i] ) ;
}
for ( int i=0;i < arraylist.size () ;i++ )
{
System.out.println ( " "+ ( i+1 ) +" ) "+arraylist.get ( i ) ) ;
}
System.out.println ( "The size of arraylist ="+arraylist.size () ) ;
System.out.println ( "The arraylist is Empty? ="+arraylist.isEmpty () ) ;
Set the element at position one:
arraylist.set ( 1,"J2EE Programmer" ) ;
Converts arraylist to array:
Object array [] = arraylist.toArray () ;
for ( int i=0;i < array.length;i++ )
{
System.out.println ( " "+ ( i+1 ) +" ) "+ array [ i ] ) ;
}
String value = "FOO";
if ( "FOO".equals(value) ) {
// do something
}
substring in Java
returnString = (xmlString.substring(xmlString.indexOf(“<ns1:queryReference>”) + 20, xmlString.indexOf(“</ns1:queryReference>”)));
3rd
AUG
Linux Tips
Posted by admin under Linux, Root
The best ways to run all files from a folder in SqlPLus
Create a file and store all of the file names from the folder:
ls -l > list.sql
Edit and set @ before each file name
vi list.sql
1,$s/^/@/
sqlpus ich/foo@mydb
@list.sql
Convert latin1 to UTF-8 in MySQL
$ mysqldump -h localhost –user=myName -p –default-character-set=latin1 -c \
–insert-ignore –skip-set-charset dbname > dump.sql
$ iconv -f ISO-8859-1 -t UTF-8 dump.sql > dump_utf8.sql
Find out which charset is my file
$ iconv -f 8859-1 -t utf-8 FILE1> FILE2
$ iconv -f utf-8 -t 8859-1 FILE2 > FILE3
$ diff FILE1 FILE3
apt-get –purge remove NameOfPackage
apt-get install –reinstall NameOfPackage
z.B:
apt-get –purge –reinstall install apache2.2-common apache2
apt-get install –reinstall libapache2-mod-php5 php5-cli php5-common php5-cgi
dpkg-reconfigure xserver-xorg
update-alternative -config x-session-manager
lpstat -t
cancel
lpadmin -p lj -E
PSI=’\u@\h:\n$’
wget -c –user=user –password=passwd http://hostname…
find -name ‘*.[ch]‘ | xargs grep -E ‘expr’
find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F ‘example’
find . -exec grep “use GD” ‘{}’ /dev/null \; -print
find . -name “*.pl” -type f -exec grep “use GD” ‘{}’ /dev/null \; -print
Only get diffs. Do multiple times for troublesome downloads:
rsync -P rsync://rsync.server.com/path/to/file file
30th
JUL
Hosting & Service Provider
Posted by admin under Root
Find the Best Professional Website Hosting Service Provider
Sind Sie auf der Suche nach einem geeigneten Webhoster oder Webdesigner fuer ihre Homepage?
Archives:
- Mercurial & hg view
- jPortal wordpress theme
- WordPress Careers plugin
- Check For Email pattern
- WordPress ODLinks Plugin
- WordPress Classifieds Plugin
- Clean up the Ubuntu
- Persian philosophs and sciences
Categories:
Root Category
Links
- (IE)HTML - اديتور به فارسي و لاتين
- Online Graphic Plotter
- Online scientific calculator
- تقويم ساليانه
- تبديل کُدهای رايج
- تبدیل تاریخ شمسی به میلادی
- فارسی نويس
- تبديل خط فينگليش به فارسى
Local times
- CEST: 2010-07-29 20:18
- EDT: 2010-07-29 14:18
- IRDT: 2010-07-29 22:48
- KST: 2010-07-30 03:18
- PDT: 2010-07-29 11:18
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