Persian philosophs and sciences

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It’s sure that they were Muslim but no Arab.

770-840 A.D.	Mohanmmad Khwarizmi
864-930 A.D.	Mohammad ibn Zakariya AL-RAZI
870-950 A.D.	Farabi
900-971 A.D. born in Khorasan	Mohammad ibn al-Hasan Khazin
940-997 A.D. born in Nishapur	Abul Wafa Mohammad AL-BUZJANI
940-1020 A.D. born in Tus	Ferdosi Faren til den modern Persisk
953-1029 A.D. born in Afschana	Al-Karaji IBN SINA
1048-1131 A.D. born in Nishapur	Omar Khayyam
1058-1128 A.D. born in Khorasan 1099- 1177 A.D	Hamid Ghazali A.Saiid-e-A.Kheyr
1201-1274 A.D. born in Tus	Nasir al-Din Tusi
1207 A.D. born in Balkh, Persia	Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi
1194 A.D. born in Shiraz	Sa’di
1320-1389 A.D. born in Shiraz	Shams-od-Din Mohammad Hafez
1380-1429 A.D. in Kashan, Iran	Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas’ud al-Kashi
	… Abu Bekr ibn Mohammad ibn al-Husayn

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Iranians have always been interested in philosophic matters.
In the pre-Islamic period, philosophy was closely linked to theology, as indeed it also was in the early Islamic period.

Gradually, however, phi!osophy developed into a separate science, and most of the great Muslim philosophers were Iranians, although since they wrote mainly in Arabic, the universal language of Islam, they are often known in the West as Arab philosophers.
Iran adopted the Indian decimal system and numerals, transmitting them to the West as the “Arabic” numerals used today. Omar Khayyam wrote the most important medieval treatise on algebra, and systematized a very accurate calendar, which is the basis of the official Iranian calendar today.
Alchemy, the forerunner of chemistry, was widely studied, and Iranian alchemists discovered many important substances, including alcohol, and developed some of the apparatus used by modern chemists.
The philosophic tradition was kept alive by Sadr-od-Din Shirazi, who in Safavid times synthesized the various threads of Islamic philosophy into a comprehensive new system, and Sabzevan, a nineteenth-century philosopher who continued and revived the tradition.
Although scientific activity declined after the fifteenth century, the present century has seen a revival. Iranian scientists, at home and abroad, they are again making valuable contributions to mankind’s store of knowledge.

Muhammad Khwarizmi (770-840 A.D. born at Khwarizm, a town south of river Oxus in present Uzbekistan.)
(Uzbekistan, a city in Persia which was taken over by the Russians in 1873.)
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was an Iranian mathematician, founder of Algebra.
He is best known for introducing the mathematical concept Algorithm, which is so named after his last name.

Abu Bakr Muhammed ibn Zakariya al-Razi auch Ar-Razi, Rhazes (865-925 A.D.)
He born in in Raj, bei Teheran (Iran)
Razi was an Iranian alchemist and a philosopher

Farabi (870-950 A.D. born in a small village Wasij, near Farab in Turkistan)
Abu Nasr Mohammad Ibn al-Farakh al-Farabi along with Ibn Sina added much to what the Greeks taught in the theory of Music
His parents were originally of Persian descent. Known as al-Phrarabius in Europe, Farabi was the son of a general. He completed his earlier education at Farab and Bukhara but, later on, he went to Baghdad for higher studies, where he studied and worked for a long time viz., from 901 A.D. to 942 A.D. During this period he acquired mastery over several languages as well as various branches of knowledge and technology. He lived through the reign of six Abbasid Caliphs. As a philosopher and scientist, he acquired great proficiency in various branches of learning and is reported to have been an expert in different languages.
Farabi travelled to many distant lands and studied for some time in Damascus and Egypt, but repeatedly came back to Baghdad, until he visited Saif al-Daula’s court in Halab (Allepo). He became one of the constant companions of the King, and it was here at Halab that his fame spread far and wide. During his early years he was aQadi (Judge), but later on the took up teaching as his profession. During the course of his career, he had suffered great hardships and at one time was the caretaker of a garden. He died a bachelor in Damascus in 339 A.H./950 A.D. at the age of 80 years.

Muhammad ibn al-Hasan Khazin (900-971 A.D. born in Khorasan)
Abu Jafar al-Khazin may have worked on both astronomy and number theory or there may have been two mathematicians both working around the same period, one working on astronomy and one on number theory.
As far as this article is concerned we will assume that al-Khazin worked on both topics. There seems no way of being certian which position is correct.

Abul Wafa Muhammad AL-BUZJANI (940-997 A.D. born in Nishapur, Persia)
He flourished as a great mathematician and astronomer.
Abul Wafa’s main contribution lies in several branches of mathematics, especially geometry and trigonometry.
Ferdosi Faren til den modern Persisk ( 940-1020 A.D. born in Toos ) 329-416 A.H..>
Ferdosi was one of the greatest poets of Persian language. He gave a new life to Irans poetry.
His work is ShahNameh.
ShahNameh includes historical, heroic and fictional stories. Some of his other works like lyric,
fragment, quatrain and elegy are available.

IBN SINA (980-1037 A.D.)
He born in Afschana (bei Buchara; Usbekistan) and died in 1037 in Hamadan (Persien)
He was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer of his time.
His major contribution to medical science was his famous book al-Qanun, known as the “Canon” in the West.
The Qanun fi al-Tibb is an immense encyclo- paedia of medicine extending over a million words

Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi (born in 1207 Balkh, Persia)
The name Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi stands for Love and ecstatic flight into the infinite.
Mevlana is one of the great spiritual masters and poetical geniuses of mankind and was the founder of the Mevlevi Sufi order.
Escaping the Mongol invasion, Rumi and his family travelled extensively in the Muslim lands, performed the pilgrimage to Mecca and finally settled in Konya, Anatolia (Turkey), where he succeeded his father in 1231 as professor in religious sciences.
He was introduced into the mystical path by a wandering dervish, Shamsuddin of Tabriz. His love and his bereavement for the death of Shams found their expression in a surge of music, dance and lyric poems, `Divani Samsi Tabrizzi’. Rumi is the author of a huge didactic work, The `Mathnawi’, and discourses, `Fihi ma Fihi’, written to introduce his disciples to metaphysics. If there is `Fihi ma Fihi’, written to introduce his disciples to metaphysics. If there is any general idea underlying Rumi’s poetry, it is the absolute love of God. His influence on thought, literature and all forms of aesthetic expression in the world of Islam cannot be overrated.

Omar Khayyam (1048-1131 A.D. in Nishapur, Persia)
Omar Khayyam’s full name was Ghiyath al-Din Abu’l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al-Khayyami.
Khayyam was an outstanding mathematician and astronomer and, despite the difficulties which he described in this quote, he did write several works includingProblems of Arithmetic, a book on music and one on algebra before he was 25 years old.
In 1070 he moved to Samarkand in Uzbekistan which is one of the oldest cities of Central Asia. There Khayyam was supported by Abu Tahir, a prominent jurist of Samarkand, and this allowed him to write his most famous algebra work,Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra from which we gave the quote above. We shall describe the mathematical contents of this work later in this biography.

Norooz in History of Iran
The first person who re-organized the calendar successfully was Omar Khayyam, the mathematician and astronomer of 5th century HG (11-12th A.D.). He drew a chart for the year and put the start of the year at the moment of Aries entrance to the house of Sun. He made a calendar of 6 months with 31 days, and 6 months with 30 days making a year of 365 days, and suggested the addition of 1 day every four years and also addition of a months every 13,000 years. This is the most complete calendar ever made. Khayyam called it ‘the Jalali Calendar’ because of ‘Jalal’ al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi, his patron king.
This calendar called the ‘Khorshidi’(Sun based) calendar, as oppose to the Arabic ‘Ghamari’ (moon based) calendar.

Although Khayyam was Iranian and he created this calendar based on the pre-Islamic calendar of Zoroastrians, it was not used widely in Iran until the 1925 AD(1304 HS) when Reza Shah Pahlavi ordered it to be used instead of ‘Ghamari’ calendar. In the process of finding names for the months, there are some interesting mistakes happened which are note-worthy.
Norooz, in word, means a new day. It is a new day that starts the year, traditionally in the exact astronomical beginning of the Spring, but it was not always like this!

Abu-Saiid-e-Abul-Kheyr (fl. 11th century) was an Iranian Gnostic.
He was born in Meehneh-a village in the old Khorasan. His father was a pharmacist who was a firm believer in the tenets of sufi mysticism. Abu-Saiid came to know sufi mysticism through the gatherings of sophists to which his father frequented. He was taught theology and literature in his hometown, as well as in the towns of Marve and Sarakhs. He then began practicing asceticism-the cleansing of the soul through self-denial, under the guidance of some great masters and teachers. This metamorphosed him into a complete Gnostic. Thereafter, aside from a short period of preaching in Neyshaboor,he spentmost of his life in his hometown of Meehneh.

Hamid Ghazali (1058- 1128 A.D. born in Khorasan, Iran)
Abu Hamid Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad al-Tusi al-Shafi’i al-Ghazali an Iranian Philosopher.
His father died while he was still very young but he had the opportunity of getting education in the prevalent curriculum at Nishapur and Baghdad. Soon he acquired a high standard of scholarship in religion and philosophy and was honoured by his appointment as a Professor at the Nizamiyah University of Baghdad, which was recognised as one of the most reputed institutions of learning in the golden era of Muslim history.

Abu-Rayhaan-e-Birooni (1099-1177 A.D)
Birooni was an Iranian mathematician, astronomer, historian, and geographer

Shaikh Sadi Shirazi (1194 born in Shiraz)
originally named Muslih-uddin..He remained there for about 30 years, establishing his fame as a great Persian poet and popular writer. He took the name Sadi in honor of his patron Sad b. Zengi. Between 1226 and 1256 he traveled widely, visiting Europe, Ethiopia, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Turkey, Arabia, Iran, and beyond the Indus to Hindustan. In a prose work called The Gulistan (or The Rose Garden) he provided prose stories that touch on practical wisdom and moral questions in an easy and entertaining style.

Shams-od-Din Muhammad Hafez (1320-1397 A.D.)
A Classic Poet from Shiraz Hafez created the best literary and Gnostic concepts in the form of eloquent and pithy lyrics. His concepts surpassed those of other contemporary philosophers, thinkers and scholars.

Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid Mas’ud al-Kashi (about 1380-1429 A.D.in Kashan, Iran)
Kashi was an Iranian mathematician and astronomer
Details of Jamshid al-Kashi’s life and works are better known than many others from this period although details of his life are sketchy.
One of the reasons we is that he dated many of his works with the exact date on which they were completed, another reason is that a number of letters which he wrote to his father have survived and give fascinating information.

Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji (953 – 1029)
Karaji was an Iranian Mathematician
It appears both as al-Karaji and as al-Karkhi but this is not a simple matter of two different transliterations of the same Arabic name.
The significance is that Karaj is a city in Iran and if the mathematician’s name is al-Karaji then certainly his family were from that city. On the other hand Karkh is one of the original suburbs of Baghdad which grew up outside the southern gate of the original city. The name al-Karkhi would indicate that the mathematician came from the suburb of Baghdad.

Nasir al-Din Tusi (1201-1274 A.D. was born in Tus, Khorasan and died in Baghdad)
He was an astronomer who worked at the Il-Khanid Observatory situated in Persia. In his astronomical studies, Al-Tusi was able to obtain an accurate value for the solar procession. In addition to his work on the solar procession, Al-Tusi attempted to come up with an alternative to Ptolemy’s system of epicycles.

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Highlights of Iran’s history

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Medes Achämenidisches Seleucids Sassanians Arabs Seljuken und Mongolen Timurids and Turkmen

Safavid Afshari Zand Qajar Pahlavi Islamic Republic

Medes Vor-Achämenidisches Persien (von 7,000 v. Chr.)
4,000-2,000	Bronze Age settlements of Tappeh Sialk, Susa, Tappeh Gyian, Tappeh Hasanlu, and Teppeh Hessar.
2750	(Babylon) Namensgebung für die wichtigsten Sternbilder des nördlichen Himmels.
1,200	Zenith of Elamite Kingdom. Iron Age. Settlement of Chogha Zanbil in Khuzestan.
844	First mention of Iranians in Assyrian texts.
728-675	Deioces grosste Medisches Reich.
722	Founding of Hagmatana (modern Hamadan).

Achämenidisches Persien (700-330 v. Chr.)
700-675	Achamenes.
675-640	Teispes.
648	Assyrer zerstören elamitisches Susa.
640-600	Cyrus I.(kourosh, kouros)
630-533	Zoroaster und Gründung der Zoroastrier.
612-606	Meder und Babylonier stürzen das Assyrische Reich. Zerstöung von Nineveh.
600-599	Cambyses I. (Kambiz)
599-530	Cyrus II, (kourosh, kouros the Great) der Grosse. Start of Achämenid Empire he established a large empire stretching from the Mediterranean in the west to eastern Iran, and from the Black Sea in the north to Arabia. He was killed in 530 BC during a campaign in the north-eastern part of his empire
530-522	Cambyses II.
525522-486	Cambyses erobert Ägypten.Darius I, der Grosse. Steinrelief am Berg Bisotun. Wiedererstehen von Susa. Persepolis. Darius erweitert das Reich vom Indus bis zum Nil und Donau. Grabkammer von Darius bei Naqsh-e Rustam. Darius I, the Great. Rock relief at Mount Bisotun. Revival of Susa. Persepolis. Darius broadens the Empire from the Indus to the Nile and Danube. Tomb of Darius at Naqsh-e Rustam.
486-464 464-425 420-404 404-358 336-330	Xerxes I Artaxerxes I. Darius II. Demokrit (ca. 470-400) Artaxerxes II Aristoteles (384-322 v.Chr.) Darius III. Alexander the Great invades Iran, destroys the uncompleted Persepolis, and takes the Iranian Empire.
302 – 309	Hormazd II
Seleucids (Arsacids) and Parthian’s Empire(312 v.Chr. – 224 n. Chr.)
312-281 281-261 261-246 246-225 225-223 223-186 187-175 175-163	Antiochos I Soter. Antiochos II Theos. Seleucid II Khallinikos. Antiochos Hierax Seleucus Soter. Antiochos III Megas. Seleucus IV Philopator. Antiochus IV Epiphanes.
163-162 161-138 138-124	Antiochos V Eupator. Mithridates I gründet das Parther-Reich. Phrates II.
124-123	Artabanus II.
123-87	Mithridates II. Höhepukt des Parther-Reiches.
87 v.-224 n.	Untergang des Parther-Reiches und Aufstieg von Rom. Julius Cäsar 100 v. Chr. + 44 v. Chr Augustus 43 v. Chr. – 14 n. Chr. Tiberius 14-37 n. Chr. Caligula 37-41 Claudius 41-54 Nero 54-68 Trajan 98 – 117 Hadrian 117 – 138 Marc Aurel 161 – 180 Diocletian 284 – 305 Constantinus 306 – 337
Sassanians (224-651)
224-240	Artaxerxes I (Ardashir I Son of Papak) Artaxerxes I over throws the Parthians and founds the Sassaniian Empire , his capital Ctesiphon.
240-270	Shapur I (Son of Ardashir I) Er dringt in das Römische Reich ein (252-261), und nimmt Kaiser Valerian gefangen (260). Shapur I invades Roman Empire(252-261), capturing the Emperor Valerian in 260.
270-271	Hormuzd I (Son of Shapur I)
271-274 274-293	Bahram I.(Varhran I ) Son of ShapurI Bahram II.(Varhran II ) Son of Shapur I
283	The Emperor Garus takes Cteisphon, cedes Armenia and north Mesopotamia to Rome.
293	Bahram III (Son of Bahram II)
293 – 302	Narseh (Son of Shapur I)
302-309	Hormuzd II. Son of Shapur I.
309-379	Shapur II.
363	Shapur III defeats Julian the Apostate in battle, regaining Armenia and north Mesopotamia.
379	Friedensvertrag mit Rom.
379-383	Artaxerxes II. ( Ardashir II) (Brother, son or nephew of Shapur II)
383-388	Shapur III. (Son of Shapur II)
388-399 399-420 420-438	Bahram IV.(Son of Shapur III) Yazdegerd I. (Son of Varhran IV) Bahram V (Son of Yazdgard I)
438-457	Yazdegerd II. (Son of Bahram V)
410 425 457-459	Alaric erobert Rome. Weiße Hunnen Überfallen Khorasan. Hormuzd III.
459-484 484-488 488-497	Firuz. (Peroz) Son of Yazdgard II Balash. (Valkash) Brother of Peroz I Kavadh
496 – 498	Zamasp Son of Peroz I
498 – 531 531-579 570	Kavad I Khosrow I ( Khusro I) Geburt des Propheten Mohammed. Yemen unter persischer Kontrolle.
579-590	Hormuzd IV. Son of Khusro I.
590 – 591 591 – 597 590 -628	Varhran VI Vistahm Brother-in-law of Hormazd IV Khosrow II. Son of Khusro I
628	Kavad Shirö, a son of Khosrow II, was proclaimed king as Kavad II on the death of his father in the spring of 628 AD.
628-629 629-631 631-632 632	Ardashir III Son of Kavad II Khusro III Nephew of Khusro II Hormazd V Grandson of Khusro II Tod des Propheten Mohammed.
629-631	Khusro III Nephew of Khusro II
632-651	Yazdegerd III, Grandson of Khusro II. der letzte Sassanidische Herrscher. Yazdegerd III, the last Sassaniian Monarch.
641	Die Araber besiegen Perser bei Nahavand. Persien ist formal dem Arabischen Imperium einverleibt. The Arabs defeat the Iranians at Nahavand. Iran is Formally annexed to the Arab empire.
651	Tod von Yazdegerd III, dessen Familie und Anhänger nach China geflohen sind. Death of Yazdegerd III, whose family and followers flee to China.
Arabs Frühislamische Zeit (661-750) Ummayadisches Kalifat (Arabs – Umayyad Caliphate), riegiert von Damaskus
634-644	Umar
661	Mordanschlag auf Imam Ali, von Kharijia Fanatikern, bei Kufa.
650 – 656	Uthman (Osman)
656 – 661 661 – 680	Ali Mu’awiya I
680 – 683	Yazid I son of Mu’awiya I
683 – 684 684 – 685 685 – 705 705 – 715 715 – 717 717 – 720 720 – 724 724 – 743 743 – 744	Mu’awiya II Marwan I Abd-al-Malik Al-Walid I Suleyman Umar II Yazid II Hisham Al-Walid II
744	Yazid III, Ibrahim
744 – 750	Marwan II
Arabs – Abbasid Caliphate(750 – 821
750 – 754	Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah.
754 – 775	Al-Mansur, regiert von Baghdad aus.
775 – 785	Al-Mahdi
785 – 786	Al-Hadi
786 – 809	Harun al-Rashid
809 – 813	Al-Amin
813 – 833	Al-Mamun
Iranian intermezzo (821 – 1055)Samanid (Turkestan
864 – 892	Nasr I
892 – 907	Ismail
907 – 914	Ahmad
914 – 942	Nasr II
942 – 954	Nuh I
954 – 961	Abd al-Malik I
961 – 976	Mansur I
976 – 997	Nuh II
997 – 999	Mansur II
999	Abd al-Malik
Ghaznavid (Khurasan) Ghaznavidische Dynasty steigt im Osten auf, fordern die Samaniden heraus. Ghaznavi dynasty rises in the east, challenging the Samanids. 962-1040 Aufstieg der Buvayhiden nahe Shiraz, regieren Kerman, Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Rey, Hamadan, und Baghdad (in verschiedenen Zweigen). Rise of the Buvayhids near Shiraz, ruling Kerman, Khuzestan, Fars, Isfahan, Rey, Hamadan, and Baghdad (in several branches). 935-1055
861-872	Tahiridische Dynasty in Khorasan.
977 – 997 997 – 998 998 – 1030 1030 1030 – 1040 1040 – 1041 1041 – 1048 1048 1048 – 1049 1049 – 1051 1051 – 1052 1052 – 1059 1059 – 1099 1099 – 1115 1115 – 1116 1116 – 1117 1117 – 1157 1157 – 1160 1160 – 1186	Ismail I Mahmud Muhammad Masoud I Muhammad (restored) Maudud Masoud II Ali Abd al-Rashid Toghril Farokhzad Ibrahim Masoud III Shirzad Arslanshah Bahramshah Ghurid Empire Shansabani Dynasty (Afghanistan) 1117-1215 Khusrowshah Khosrow Malik
Ferdowsi, Dichter und Verfasser des Shahnameh. (ca. 950-1020) Ferdowsi, poet of the Shahnameh. The Shahnameh or The Epic of Kings is one of the definite classics of the world. It tells hero tales of ancient Persia.An important feature of this work is that during the period that Arabic language was known as the main language of science and literature, Ferdowsi used only Persian in his masterpiece. As Ferdowsi himself says “Persian language is revived by this work”.
Avicenna (Ibn Sina ), Philosoph und Arzt.(980-1036) Avicenna, philosopher and physician. Ibn Sina was born in 980 C.E. in the village of Afshana near Bukhara which today is located in the far south of Russia. His medical masterpiece was the Canon of Medicine. His other masterpiece, the Book of Healing, is a philosophical treatise dealing with the soul. Avicenna’s interpretation of Aristotle followed to some extent that of the Neoplatonists. The book Canon and Therapy by the distinguished Persian philosopher and physician Ibn Sina, was thought in many European schools of medicine till 18th Century.
Seldschuken (1040-1194)
1038- 1063	Seljukische Türken üerfallen Persien unter Tughril Beg. Seljuk Turks invade Iran under Tughril Beg.
1055	Tughril beendet Buvahidische Herrschaft. Tughril ends Buvahid rule.
1063-1072	Alp Arsalan.
1072-1092	Malik Shah. Höhepunkt der Seljukischen Macht.
1090-1257	Ismailii Gesellschaft der Assassiner unter den ‘Herrscher des Berges’ terrorisieren den Norden Persiens vom Tal Alamut aus. Ismailii Society of Assassins under the Master of Mountains terrorize northern Iran from the Valley of Alamut.
1092 – 1105 1105	Berk Yaruq Malik Shah II
1105 – 1118	Muhammad I
1118-1157	Sultan Sandschar. Ende der Seljukischen Herrschaft in Persien.
1136-1320	Attar, mystischer Poet aus Mantiq at-Tair.
1140-c1202	Nizami, Poet der Makhzan al-Asrar.
ca. 1184-1291	Sa’di, Poet der Bustan and Gulistan.
1207-1273	Rumi, Poet der Masnavi, und Grossder der Molevi Regeln der Tanzenden Derwische.
Mongolische Ilchane (1206–1355)
1219-1227	Dschingis Khan erobert Persien.
1256-1265	Hulagu Khan.
1258	Mongolen plündern Baghdad. Ende des Abbasidischen Kalifats.
1260	Mongols erobern Aleppo, Hama, Damaskus. Mongols capture Aleppo, Hama, Damascus.
1265-1284	Abaqa.
1284-1291	Arghun. Indien Khilji Dynastie (1290-1320) Minarett Qutb Minar
1291-1295	Gaikhatu.
1295	Baidu.
1295-1304	Ghazan, Größter der Ilkhans, tritt zum Moslemischen Glauben über. Ghazan, greatest of the Ilkhans, a Muslim convert.
1304-1316	Olijaitu.
1317-1335	Abu Sa’id. Zusammenbruch des Ilkhaniden Staates. Abu Sa’id. Collapse of the Ilkhanid State.
Hafez, Dichter aus Shiraz.(1320-1389) Hafez, Shirazi poet. Indien: Tughluk Dynastie (1320-1413)
Timurids and Turkmen (1380-1500)
1370-1405	Timur Lenk Indiean: Sayyid Dynastie (1414-1451)
1380-1405	Timur erobert Persien. Amtsenthebung der Nestorianischen Kirche. Suspension of the Nestorian Church.
1397	Timur fällt in Indien ein.
1405- 1408	Tod von Timur. Amtsantritt von Shahrokh. Anarchie in Persien. Death of Timur. Accession of Shahrokh. Anarchy in Iran. Miranshah (Western Persia)
1409 – 1411	Khalil (Western Persia)
1409 – 1447	Shah Rokh Shah
1411-1492	Jami, Dichter des Haft Awrang. (poet of the Haft Awrang.)
1447-1452	Ulugh Beg.
1452-1466	Abu Sa’id der Timuride.
1500	Umsturz der Timuriden.
Safavid (1502-1736)
1502-1524	Ismail I. wechsel Persiens zum Shiitischen Islam. Ismail I. Conversion of Iran to Shiite Islam.
1524-1576	Tahmasb I. Nikolaus Kopernikus (1473-1545) Mughal Emperor of India    Muhammad Babur (1526-1530)    Muhammad Humayun I(1530-1540)    دوران تصرف افغان‌ها 1540-1555    Muhammad Humayun II(1555-1556)    Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar (1556–1605)
1576-1577	Ismail II.
1577-1578
1587-1629	Abbas I. Höhepunkt der Safavidischen Macht. 1598, Abbas moved the Safavid capital to Isfahan from Qazwin. Abbas I. Capital transferred to Isfahan. Zenith of Safavid power. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Indian:Muhammad Jahangir (1605–1627)
1629-1642	Safi I. Indian:Shah Jahan (1627–1657)
1642-1666	Abbas II. Indien:Shah Shuja (1657–1658)
1666-1694	Suleiman I. Leibniz (1646-1716) Indien:Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658–1707)
1694-1722	Hossein. Newton (1643-1727)
1722	Safavid Afghanen erobern Isfahan. Afghans capture Isfahan.
1722-1732	Tahmasb II.
1724	Mahmud erobert Shiraz. Massaker an den Safavidischen Princen. Mahmud takes Shiraz. Massacre of Safavid princes.
1732-1736	Abbas III. Sturz der Safaviden.
Das moderne Persien zum heutigen Iran (1729 – 1979)
1736-1747	Afshari Nadir Shah Afshar Afsharidische Dynasty von Nader Quli begröndet. In 1738-39 Nadir invaded Mughal India. He was brilliantly successful, taking and sacking Delhi and Lahore and carrying off vast treasure, including the Koh-i-noor diamond and the Peacock Throne.
1748-1750 1747-1748 1750-1779 1779-1785 1785-1789 1789-1794	Adil. Shahrokh der Afsharide. Zand Karim Khan begründet Zand Dynasty. Karim Khan founds Zand dynasty. Ali Murad. Ampére (1775-1836) Ja’far.Lutf Ali Khan. Ohm (1789-1849)
1795-1797	Mohammed Qajar stürzt die Zand Dynasty und begründet die Qajaren Dynasty. founder of the Qajar dynasty. He was emasculated by family enemies at the age of five. Faraday (1791-1867)
1797-1834	Fath Ali Shah. nephew of Aga Muhammad Shah. The shah’s attempt to reconqür Georgia proved disastrous, and the Treaty of Gulistan (1813) and the Treaty of Turkmanchai (1828) deprived Persia of the Caucasus and color=#000080 marked a downward trend in Persian power.
1834-1848	Mohammed Shah. Fotografie(1837) Revolution in Frankreich(1848) Maxwell (1831-1879)
1848-1896 1896-1907	Naser ad-Din Shah. He traveled extensively in Europe and brought back many Western ideas, some of which he applied to the reorganization of the government. Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) Film (1895) Erfindung des Automobile (1895) Muzaffar ad-Din Shah son of Nasir ad-Din. A weak ruler, he borrowed money from Russia and failed to oppose the encroachments of Russia and Great Britain on Persian sovereignty.He died soon after signing the long-awaited liberal constitution. He was succeeded by Muhammad Ali.
1906 1909-1923	Mohammed Ali Shah. Sultan Ahmad, the last of the Qajars The last Qajar monarch was a venal and weak king Einsteins spezielle/allgemeine Relativitätstheorie 1905-1915
1925-1941	Reza Khan als Reza Shah Begründer der Pahlevi Dynasty. Premier Minister von Ahmad Shah. proclamation of Reza Khan as Reza Shah prime minister of Mohammed Ali Shah., founder of the Pahlavi dynasty. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up. Hubble 1929 Niels Bohr (Nobelpreis 1922)
1941-1979	Mohammed Reza Shah son of Reza Shah Pahlevi. Otto Hahn (Nobelpreis 1944) Max Planck Max Born (Nobelpreis 1954)
1979 – Persien Islamic Republic
1979	Religiöser Aufruhr geführt von Ayatollah Khomeini, protestiert gegen die sogenannte ‘Weiße Revolution’. Islamic Republic under Constitution of 1979, with Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini

---

Literatur :
Zwischen Persepolis und Firuzabad
Gräber, Paläste und Felsenreliefs im alten Persien
Persische Mythen
Die alten Persischen Mythen
Geschichte von Zoroaster

Take a free course online.

Posted by mof under Blog, Rooti:

The University of California-Berkeley has been streaming videos of their courses through their site webcast.berkeley.
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